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Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign country located in the northwestern region of South America, which is constituted as a unitary, social and democratic state of law whose form of government is presidential. It is a politically organized republic in 32 decentralized departments and the capital District of Bogotá, seat of the national government. Including Malpelo Island, Roncador Cay and Serrana Bank, the country covers an area of ​​1,141,748 km², making it the twenty-sixth largest country in the world and the seventh largest in the Americas.

It claims as a territorial sea the area up to 12 nautical miles away, maintaining a border dispute with Venezuela and Nicaragua, bordering the East with Venezuela and Brazil, the South with Peru and Ecuador and the Northwest with Panama. As for maritime limits, it borders Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea, and with Panama, Costa Rica and Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean. It is the only South American nation that has coasts in the Pacific Ocean and access to the Atlantic through the Caribbean Sea, in which it has several islands such as the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina.

It is the twenty-eighth most populous country in the world, with an estimated population of 49 million inhabitants, it is also the second nation with the most Spanish speakers, only behind Mexico, it has a multicultural population, which is, mostly, the result of miscegenation among Europeans, indigenous and African, with minorities of indigenous and afro-descendants. In the Colombian Caribbean there is a significant number of descendants from the Middle East. The gross domestic product of purchasing power parity of Colombia ranks fourth in Latin America and 28th worldwide. Colombia's nominal GDP is the fourth largest in Latin America and ranks 28th worldwide. The human presence in Colombia goes back more than 10,000 years. After thousands of years of cultural formation, in the current Colombian territory various pre-Columbian cultures emerged, such as the Muisca, Tairona, Quimbaya and Zeno and the Inca Empire that extended to the southwest of Colombia. Spain created the Viceroyalty of New Granada with capital in Bogota, although for long periods of time it was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

In the year 1810, the War of Independence began, after which the country that is now known as Colombia emerged. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the country was characterized by its instability and a large number of civil wars, the last of these conflicts known as internal armed conflict, which arose in 1960. In 2012, after more than fifty years of conflict, the government of then President Juan Manuel Santos began peace talks with the FARC-EP. In 2016, a final agreement was reached that, despite not being approved in the plebiscite on October 2 of the same year, was implemented with modifications in 2017. To date, the Government of Colombia is advancing the process of implementing the agreements. And initiating new conversations with the ELN, which has expressed the intention to contribute to the end of the conflict.

Colombia has a diversified economy and has an important service component. The country's economic output is dominated by domestic demand and household consumption expenditure is the largest component of GDP, with GDP in 2016 of 720 151 million dollars, and the Colombian human development index of 0.747. Their life expectancy at birth is 75.1 years, Colombia is part of the group of CIVETS considered as six main emerging markets. He is a member of the OAS, the Pacific Alliance and other international organizations, and has been invited to join the OECD. It is also the only country in Latin America that is a global partner of NATO. It is the second country with the highest index of inequality in Latin America, after Brazil, and tied with Panama, according to the World Bank database.

It is the second most biodiverse nation in the world, with 54,871 registered species, however, one study places it among the eight countries responsible for half of the destruction of biodiversity in the world. Latin America with more ecological conflicts between the local population and multinational companies in areas of special environmental protection To protect its environment, the country has instruments such as the National Climate Change Policy and the carbon tax. In Colombia it comes mainly from renewable energy sources.69.97% is obtained from hydroelectric generation.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia

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