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The Ajuran Sultanate, in Somali: Dawladdii Ajuuraan and in Arabic: الدولة الأجورانيون, also spelled as Sultanato Ajuuraan, and often simply as «Ajuran», was a Somali empire in medieval times that dominated the Indian Ocean trade. They belonged to the Somali Muslim sultanate who ruled much of the Horn of Africa in the Middle Ages. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards the invaders, the Sultanate of Ajuran successfully resisted an Oromo invasion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east during the wars of Gauran Madow and Ajuran-Portuguese.

The trade routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of the Somali maritime enterprise were strengthened or re-established and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished with ships sailing and coming from a large number of kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, Middle East, North Africa and East Africa. The Kingdom left an extensive architectural legacy since it was one of the main Somalian medieval powers dedicated to sophisticated and advanced castles, fortresses and various architectures. Many of the ruined fortifications that dot the landscapes of southern Somalia today are attributed to the engineers of the Sultanate of Ajuran, including several pillars of tomb fields, necropolises and ruined cities built at that time. During the Ajuran period, many regions and people in the southern part of the Horn of Africa converted to Islam due to the theocratic nature of the government. The royal family, the "House of Garen," expanded their territories and established their hegemonic government through a skillful combination of war, commercial ties and alliances. In the thirteenth century d.

C., the Ajuran Empire was the only hydraulic empire in Africa. As a hydraulic empire, the Ajuran monopolized the water resources of the Shebelle and Jubba rivers. Through hydraulic engineering he built many of the state's limestone wells and cisterns that are still operational and in use today. The rulers developed new systems for agriculture and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of the Horn of Africa until the nineteenth century. The tyrannical rule of the later Ajuran rulers provoked multiple rebellions in the sultanate and by the end of the seventeenth century, the state of Ajuran disintegrated into several kingdoms and successor states, the most prominent being the Sultanate of Geledi.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate